To measure a zener diode’s breakdown voltage, you need a dc voltage source whose voltage exceeds that of the zener voltage. In Figure 1, resistor R SER provides voltage drop between V IN and V ZEN. In ...
This circuit can be used to test up to three LEDs at once, connected in series. You can easily increase that number by using a higher supply voltage. If you do so, you should allow 2.7 V for each ...
Fig 1. This voltage regulator circuit (a) uses green LEDs as both the stabilization elements and as the voltage indicators at the front-panel switch (b). Fig 2. The addition of resistor R4 to the ...
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